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Nouveau (Le) Jeu du Costume et des Coeffures des Dames Dédié au Beau Sexe - New Game of Women's Fashion and Hairstyles

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	primo autore:	Anonimo
	secondo autore:	Crepy
	anno:	1778
	luogo:	Francia-Parigi
	periodo:	XVIII secolo (4°/4)
	percorso:	Percorso di 63 caselle numerate
	materiale:	carta (paper) (papier)
	dimensioni:	685X900 (500X719)
	stampa:	Acquaforte (taille-douce) (engraving)
	luogo acquisto:
	data acquisto:
	dimensioni confezione:
	numero caselle:	63
	categoria:	Moda e costumi
	tipo di gioco:	Gioco di percorso
	editore:	A Paris chez Crepy rue St.Jacques à St.Pierre près de rue de la parcheminerie
	stampatore:	A Paris chez Crepy rue St.Jacques à St.Pierre près de rue de la parcheminerie
	proprietario:	Collezione Rothschild
	autore delle foto:	Waddesdon The Rothschild Collection (The National Trust)
	numero di catalogo:	1184
	descrizione:	Gioco di 63 caselle numerate, spirale, antiorario, centripeto. Incisione in legno edita à Orléans verso il 1778/80 da Letourmy. E' consacrato alle acconciature del capo, alle pettinature e ai copricapo alla moda dell'epoca. Fra le altre l'acconciatura alla Bastiana per certo ispirata alla commedia allora in voga "Bastiano e Bastiana". REGOLE: al centro. "La Beauté fait toujours voler à la Victoire. C'est le Désir qu'on peut donner au Jeu que nous présentons au Public: et dans lequel on a joint les Costumes et les Coiffures, les plus à la Mode, aux qualites caracteristiques dont elles sont en quelque sorte les emblemes les plus exats et les mieux assortis. Nous laissons aux Commendateurs et Complimenteurs, ainsi qu'a ceux qui les imitent, le plaisir d'avoir reuni par leurs soins et leurs recherches, tout ce qui peut concerner la Matière, que chacun deux s'efforce d'epuiser en la traitant avec autant de diffusion que d'Aridite. Un choix agréable est le seul objet que nous sommes proposés, heureux s'il peut plaire à la plus belle moitié de l'univers, à qui nous le consacrons. On doit d'abord convenir du prix des Jettons et avoir chacun sa marque distinctive et reconnoissable, il faur tirer ensuite avex les deux Dez qui doivent servir a ce Jeu et celui qui amenera la plus haute Chance jouera avant les autre. La Diligente, la Chasseuse, la Semillante, la Prudente, la Discrette, et la Mysterieuse etant toutes bonnes a voir, on evitera de les cacher si l'on se recontre a leurs nombres (9,18,27, etc) en comptant autant de points au dela qu'on en aura fait du coup. Si l'on amene d'abord 6 et 3 on ira a 14, ou est la Dame en Négligé du Matin, et si c'est 5 et 4 a 41 ou est l'Austrasienne ou la Jeanne d'Arc. De 23 on retrogradera à 5 ou est la Couturiere et l'on paiera deux Jettons pour les fournitures et façons de la Petite Mere. Qui se trouvera à 30, ou est la Levite y restera à disserter avec elle jusqu'a ce qu'un autre l'y remplace. A 59 ou est la Dame coeffé à la Corne d'Abondance on recevre 4 Jettons et l'on se retirera, de peur d'importuner cette Opulente Avantageuse, à 33 ou est la Jeune Amazone. Enfin pour gagner la partie il faut arriver juste au Nombre 63, afin de triompher de tous ses Adversaires avec la Belle Poule." CASELLE: con didascalia. Cas. 1) le Bonnet à la Paysanne; Cas. 2): le Bonnet à la Glaneuse; Cas. 3): La Therese; Cas. 4): La Caleche; Cas. 5) La Couturiere; Cas. 6): Le Bonnet Rond à la Finette; Cas. 7): La Nouvelle Paysanne Cas. 8): Le Bonnet aux Clochettes; Cas. 9): La diligente; Cas. 10): La Nouvelle Baigneuse; Cas. 11): La Debacle; Cas. 12): L'Italienne; Cas. 13): La Petulante; Cas. 14): La Dame en Négligé du Matin; Cas.15): La Nonchalante; Cas. 16): L'Agreable; Cas. 17): L'Engageante; Cas. 18): La Chasseuse; Cas. 19): La Coeffure au Chien Couchant; Cas. 20): L'Indolente; Cas. 21): La Facile; Cas. 22): La toute bonne; Cas. 23): La petite Mère; Cas. 24): La Seduisante; Cas. 25): L'Agreable; Cas. 26): La Brillante; Cas. 27): La Semillante; Cas. 28): Le Parterre Galant; Cas. 29): Le Berceau d'Amour; Cas. 30): La Levite; Cas. 31): La Couronne de Fleurs; Cas. 32): Coeffure à la Grenade; Cas. 33): La Jeune Amazone; Cas. 34): Le Chapeau au Bonheur du Siecle; Cas. 35): La Versailloise; Cas. 36): La Prudente; Cas. 37): La Tranquile; Cas. 38): La Severe; Cas. 39): L'Exigeante; Cas. 40): La Courageuse; Cas. 41): L'Austrasienne ou la Jeanne d'Arc; Cas. 42): La Sage; Cas. 43): La Pretention; Cas. 44): Le désir de Plaire; Cas. 45): La Discrete; Cas. 46): La Creole; Cas. 47): La Toque Galante; Cas. 48): La Dauphine; Cas. 49): L'Assirienne; Cas. 50): La Levantine; Cas. 51): Le Bonnet à la Moresque; Cas. 52): La Coeffure Orientale; Cas. 53): Le Bonnet en Cascade; Cas. 54): La Misterieuse; Cas. 55): Le Chapeau en Coquille; Cas. 56): Le Chapeau à l'angloise; Cas. 57): Le Chapeau à la Corse; Cas. 58): Le Chapeau à la Mlle Angleterre; Cas. 59): Le Cornet d'Abondance; Cas. 60): Le Chapeau à l'irlandoise; Cas. 61): Le Chapeau tigre; Cas. 62): Le Chapeau à la Prussiene; Cas. 63): La Belle Poule. REFERENZA 1 "Le Nouveau Jeu du Costume et des Coeffures des Dames Dédié au Beau Sexe". (V&A Museum) Board game - Le Nouveau Jeu du Costume et des Coeffures des Dames Object: Board game Place of origin: Paris (published) Date: 1778 (published) Artist/Maker: Crépy (publisher) Materials and Techniques: Etching, coloured by hand Museum number: E.1515-1959 Although many race games of the 18th and 19th centuries were educational, some were designed for fun or interest. This French game, 'dedicated to the beautiful sex' features women's hats and hairstyles. It is similar in design and playing methods to the English 'Game of Human Life'. In each corner of the sheet is a scene for a different part of the day showing a woman, possibly Marie Antoinette, engaged in a relevant pursuit such as dressing and hunting. Physical description Design: etching, coloured by hand N°of squares: 63 Squares illustrated: all Square numbering: 1 to 63 Squares titled: each, see list Subject of starting square: le bonnet a la Paysanne Subject of ending square: La Belle Poule Place of Origin: Paris Date: 1778 Artist/maker: Crépy Materials and Techniques: Etching, coloured by hand Dimensions: Length: 48 cm; width: 70.5 cm Object history note Similar in design and playing methods to "The Game of Human Life". Ineach corner of the sheet are representations of one of the four parts of the day showing Marie Antoinette, dressing, hunting, etc. Historical context note Rewards: forward movement and extra turns Forfeits: backward movement and missing turns N°of Players: any` Equipment required: teetotum or dice, markers Rules: La Beauté fait toujours voler à la Victoire. C'est le Désire qu'on peut donner au Jeu que nous présentons au Public: et dans le quel on a joint les Costumes et les Coiffures, les plus à la Mode, aux qualités caracteristiques dont elles sont en quelque sorte les emblemes les plus exats et les mieux assortis. Nous laissons aux Commendateurs et Complimenteurs, ainsi qu'a ceux qui les imitent, le plaisir d'avoir reuni par leurs soins et leurs recherches, tout ce qui peut concerner la Matière, que chacun d'eux s'efforce d'epuiser en la traitant avec autant diffusion que d'Aridite. Un choix agreable est le seul objet que nous nous sommes proposés, heureux s'il peut plaire à la plus belle moitié de l'univers, à qui nous le consacrons. On dit d'abord convenir du prix des Jettons et avoir chacun a marque distinctive et reconnoissable, il faut tirer ensuite avec les deux Dez qui doivent servir a ce Jeu et celui qui amenera la plus haute Chance jouera avant les autre. La Diligente, la Chasseuse, la Semillante, la Prudente, la Discrette, et la Mysterieuse etant toutes bonnes a voir, on evitera de les cacher si l'on se rencontre a leurs nombres (9,18,27, &c) en comptant autant de points au dela qu'on en aura fait du coup. Si l'on amene d'abord 6 et 3 on ira a 14, ou est la Dame en Négligé du Matin, et si c'est 5 et 4 a 41 ou est l'Austrasienne ou la Jeanne d'Arc. De 23 on retrogradera à 5 ou est la Couturiere et l'on paiera deux Jettons pour les fournitures et façons de la Petite Mére. Qui se trouvera à 30, ou est la Levite y restera à disserter avec elle jusqu'a ce qu'un autre l'y remplace. A 59 ou est la Dame Coeffé à la Corne d'Abondance on recevra 4 Jettons et l'on se retirera, de peur d'importuner cette Opulente Avantageuse, à 33 ou est la Jeune Amazone. Enfin pour gagner la partie il faut arriver juste au Nombre 63, afin de triompher de tous ses Adversaires avec la Belle Poule. Cas. 1) le Bonnet à la Paysanne; Cas. 2): le Bonnet à la Glaneuse; Cas. 3): La Therese; Cas. 4): La Caleche; Cas. 5) La Couturiere; Cas. 6): Le Bonnet Rond à la Finette; Cas. 7): La Nouvelle Palsanne Cas. 8): Le Bonnet aux Clochettes; Cas. 9): La diligente; Cas. 10): La Nouvelle Baigneuse; Cas. 11): La Debacle; Cas. 12): L'Italienne; Cas. 13): La Pelulante; Cas. 14): La Dame en Négligé du Matin; Cas.15): La Nonchalante; Cas. 16): L'Agrable; Cas. 17): L'Engageante; Cas. 18): La Chasseuse; Cas. 19): La Coeffure au Chien Couchant; Cas. 20): L'Indolente; Cas. 21): La Facile; Cas. 22): La toute bonne; Cas. 23): La petite Mère; Cas. 24): La Seduisante; Cas. 25): L'Agreable; Cas. 26): La Brillante; Cas. 27): La Semillante; Cas. 28): Le Parterre Galant; Cas. 29): Le Berceau d'Amour; Cas. 30): La Levite; Cas. 31): La Couronne de Fleurs; Cas. 32): Coeffure à la Grenade; Cas. 33): La Jeune Amazone; Cas. 34): Le Chapeau au Bonheur du Siecle; Cas. 35): La Versailloise; Cas. 36): La Prudente; Cas. 37): La Tranquile; Cas. 38): La Severe; Cas. 39): L'Exigeante; Cas. 40): La Courageuse; Cas. 41): L'Austrasienne ou la Jeanne d'Arc; Cas. 42): La Sage; Cas. 43): La Pretention; Cas. 44): Le désir de Plaire; Cas. 45): La Discrete; Cas. 46): La Creole; Cas. 47): La Toque Galante; Cas. 48): La Dauphine; Cas. 49): L'Assirienne; Cas. 50): La Levantine; Cas. 51): Le Bonnet à la Moresque; Cas. 52): La Coeffure Orientale; Cas. 53): Le Bonnet en Cascade; Cas. 54): La Misterieuse; Cas. 55): Le Chapeau en Coquille; Cas. 56): Le Chapeau à l'angloise; Cas. 57): Le Chapeau à la Corse; Cas. 58): Le Chapeau à la Mlle Angleterre; Cas. 59): Le Cornet d'Abondance; Cas. 60): Le Chapeau à l'irlandoise; Cas. 61): Le Chapeau tigre; Cas. 62): Le Chapeau à la Prussiene; Cas. 63): La Belle Poule. Rules placement: engraved in the centre of the sheet. Descriptive line: Engraved race game of ladies hats and hairstyles published in France by Crépy in 1778. REFERENZA 2 "A partir du milieu du XIXe siècle, d'autres formes de jeux, notamment les jeux de cartes, ont petit à petit remplacé les jeux de course éducatifs. Cependant tous les jeux édités entre 1770 et 1850 n'étaient pas strictement éducatifs, certains étaient destinés à etre joués pour le plaisir ou l'intéret. Un jeu français, édité en 1778 par Crépy de Paris, montrait des coiffures et des costumes féminins. Le plateau, une gravure a 63 cases numérotées, chacune montrant la tete ou le corps d'une femme. Dans chaque coin se trouve une scène des différents moments de la journée et les règles sont au centre. Comme le dit le titre, ce jeu "était dédié au beau sexe"." (GOODFELLOW Caroline) REFERENZA 3 "From the middle of the 19th century, other forms of games, notably card games, gradually replaced the educational race games. However, not all the games published between 1770 and 1850 were strictly educational; some were designed to be played for fun or interest. A French game, published in 1778 by Crépy of Paris illustrated women's hairstyles and costumes. The playing surface, an engraving, has 63 numbered compartments, each showing the head or full-length figure of a lady, In each corner is a scene for a different time of day and the rules are in the centre. As the title states, this game was "dedicated to the beautiful sex"." (GOODFELLOW Caroline) REFERENZA 4 (D'Allemagne, pag. 226): "Le Nouveau Jeu du Costume et des Coeffures des Dames Dédié au Beau Sexe. Paris, Crépy (1778). Taille-douce, 54x75,5. Cité par De Vinck. Dans les coins: quatre scènes de chasse dont Marie-Antoinette paraitrait etre l'héroine." REFERENZA 5 (Baron De Vinck, pag. 35, n°74) 1786 Le Nouveau Jeu du Costume et des Coeffures des Dames Dédié au Beau Sexe. La Beauté fait toujours voler à la Victoire. C'est le Désire qu'on peut donner au Jeu que nous présentons au Public: et dans le quel on a joint les Costumes et les Coiffures, les plus à la Mode. Sous le trait carré: A Paris chez Crepy, rue St. Jacques, à St. Pierre, près la rue de la Parcheminerie. Soixante-trois cases, renfermant de charmantes petites femmes, soit en pied pour exhiber leur toilette, soit en buste pour faire montre de leur coiffure. Une particularieté très intéressante de ce jeu, c'est qu'il contient le portrait de Marie-Antoniette, ou plutot quatre scènes dont elle est l'heroine: d'abord, à gauche, dans le coin, une femme s'habille pour la chasse, entourée de deux soubrettes dont l'une lui passe l'épée; à droite, elle courre le cerf flamberge au vent; en haut, elle est assise sur l'herbe, pendant que les veneurs lui apportent la tete du cerf et, dans la dernière scène, nous voyons la Reine assise, en grand habit de Cour, sur le trone de France (les armoiries et la couronne royale sur le dais), entourée des dames et des seigneurs de la Cour, en grande toilette, pendant que le capitaine des chasses lui présente les chiens de la meute. Ce jeu forme avec celui des cris de Paris et celui des variétés amusantes le trois pièces les plus belles et le plus amusantes de cette étrange collection. REFERENZA 6 The full title of this 63-space game is "Le Nouveau Jeu du Costume et des Coeffures (sic) des Dames Dédié au Beau Sexe". The text in the central section begins by stating the publishers’ aim – that beauty should always be victorious. Each space is occupied by a vignette of a woman in an elaborate hat, dress and hairstyle. There is a single sequence of favourable Goose-type spaces on numbers 9,18, 27 etc. The hazards are distinctive: from 23, the young mother, shown with her two children, returns to the couturier and pays for suitable clothes. At 30, ‘la Lévite’, the player must stay to talk with the wearer of the costume until another takes the place. La Lévite was a Jewish fashion made popular by the Parisian success of Racine’s Athalie in the late 1770s, when Athalie wore such a costume. Marie Antoinette also wore it when she was pregnant in 1778. It was considered quite radical (Chazin-Bennahum 2005). At 59, there is the cornucopia hair style, where the player receives 4 counters and then retires, in fear of this opulent abundance, to space 33, the young Amazon. The winning space at 63 shows hair "À la Belle Poule" showing that the winner – pictured as Marie Antoinette – has triumphed over all adversaries. One of the most fashionable hairstyles of the 18th century, it commemorated the victory of a French ship over an English ship in 1778. It featured an enormous pile of curled and powdered hair stretched over a frame affixed to the top of a woman’s head. The hair was then decorated with an elegant model of the Belle Poule ship, including sails and flags. In the corners of the game there are scenes of Marie-Antoinette’s day, including a toilette scene, hunting and a scene at court where she is presented with animals, including a leopard. Laurence (2002) discusses the game’s relationship to fashion plates and satires against tall hairstyles. The corner vignettes contrast the elaborate hairstyles with a more simple form of dress as advocated by Rousseau. (Plock, Phillippa - Seville Adrian) REFERENZA 7 "New Game of Women's Fashion and Hairstyles (Le Nouveau Jeu du Costume et des Coeffures des Dames dedie au Beau Sexe)", 1779; published by Jean-Baptiste Crépy (active c. 1753-1790), after Claude-Louis Desrais (b.1746, d.1816). Etching and engraving on paper. Waddesdon Manor, The Rothschild Collection (Rothschild Family Trust). The game's victorious final square "La Belle Poule" commemorates a French and English naval battle in 1778, in which both parties claimed victory. 'La Belle Poule' (Beautiful Chicken), a French ship which played a central role in the battle caught the public imagination. It inspired prints, works of art and even a fashionable hairstyle. Here we can see how consumer products of the 18th century maintained the public interest by referring to current affairs. The beautiful chicken may also carry a second meaning as the word ‘Poule’ was also used in many games to mean the pot of tokens given to the winner. This visually appealing game is not without moral intent. Landing on the flamboyant Cornucopia hairstyle (square 59) incurs a penalty - a payment of 4 counters and a retreat to square 33, where the Young Amazon is equipped with the appropriate outdoor hunting attire, much like the depictions in the four corners. (Jacobs Rachel) Exhibitions - "Giochi a stampa in Europa dal XVII al XIX secolo." Biblioteca dell'Archiginnasio, piazza Galvani 1, Bologna. Dal 21 dicembre 1985 al 6 febbraio 1986. - "Playing, Learning, Flirting: Printed Board Games from 18th-Century France". Catalogue exhibition of French eighteenth-century Board Games, 28 March – 28 October 2012, Waddesdon Manor, The Rothschild Collection (Rothschild Family Trust). Rachel Jacobs, Curator.
	bibliografia:	1) CREPY, Jean Baptiste: “Estampes pour servir à la Récréation de l'Esprit sous la forme du Jeu Royal de l'Oye Renouvelé des Grecs. Pour l'Education des Jeunes Gens de l'un & de l'autre Sexe”. Lesquelles se trouvent à Paris chez Crepy, Rue S.t Jacques à S.t Pierre près la Rue de de la Parcheminerie. A. P. D. R. Paris, 1780ca (contiene 26 giochi rilegati). 3) VINCK, Eugène, Baron de: "Iconographie du Noble Jeu de l’Oye. Catalogue descriptif et raisonné de la Collection de Jeux formé par le Baron de Vinck". 126 Jeux du XVIIIe au débùt du XIXe siècle. FR. J. Olivier Libraire, 11 Rue des Paroissiens, Bruxelles, pag. 35, 1886. 2) ALLEMAGNE, Henry-René D’: "Le noble jeu de l’oie en France, de 1640 à 1950", Ed. Grund, Parigi 1950. 3) NEGRI, Ilio - VERCELLONI, Virgilio: "I giochi di dadi d'azzardo e di passatempo dei gentiluomini e dei pirati" Introduzione di Caterina Santoro, Lerici Milano 1958. 4) GOODFELLOW, Caroline: "A Collector's Guide to Games and Puzzles". Secaucus, New Jersey, Chartwell Books-London, Quintet Publishing Limited 1991. 5) GOODFELLOW, Caroline: "The Development of the English Board Game, 1770-1850", in Board Games Studies 1, 1998. 6) GOODFELLOW, Caroline: "Jeux de société. Le guide du collectionneur des jeux de société depuis le XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à nos jours", (Edizione francese) Carrousel MS, 2001. 7) PLOCK, Phillippa - SEVILLE, Adrian: "The Rothschild Collection of printed board games at Waddesdon Manor", in XIIIth Board Game Studies Colloquium, Paris, 14-17 April 2010. 8) JACOBS, Rachel: "Playing, Learning, Flirting: Printed Board Games from 18th-Century France". Catalogue exhibition of French eighteenth-century Board Games, 28 March – 28 October 2012, Waddesdon Manor, The Rothschild Collection (Rothschild Family Trust). Rachel Jacobs, Curator.
		The Development of the English Board Game, 1770-1850 (Caroline G. Goodfellow)
		Throughout the 18th century and well into the 19th century, the size of the middle income group of merchants, solicitors, doctors and industrialists grew. Trade flourished and unknown areas were explored. The adventurers who were prepared to open shipping routes and establish trading agreements reaped rich financial rewards. This was an age of enlightenment, invention, innovation and scientific discovery. Games were a part of the industrial and social life of entire nations, reflecting changing ideas and ideals, particularly during periods of major upheaval. The upbringing of children within these middle class families changed dramatically. Education became essential, covering not only the `three Rs’, but sensible grounding in national and international affairs. National pride and achievements were stressed, as were faults. In general, everyone seemed to be looking outwards, to try to understand new concepts. We must, however, when viewing the games of this period, remember to set them against their own time rather than to evaluate them in the light of modern history, knowledge or ideals. The publishers of many of these games were already established producers of maps and books, many of which were aimed at children. The idea of creating an educational tool was, in a way, a novelty. The Game of Goose was already well known and it required few changes to create The Game of Human Life or the History of England. The games were well received by parents who appreciated the educational aspects, the children’s resulting enjoyment and possibly that the games could be played in relative peace and calm. The early games stressed learning through play, but this aspect was gradually dropped in favour of sheer enjoyment of play. However, not all games were that enjoyable despite the claims of their titles. Perhaps the whole logic of such games was summed up by John Harris in the introduction or Advertisement as it was called to his game Historical Pastimes which was published in 1810. “The utility and tendency of this Game must be obvious at first sight; for surely there cannot be a more agreeable study than History, and none more improving to Youth, than that which conveys to them, in a pleasing and comprehensive manner, the Events which have occurred in their own Country. The little prints, which are regularly numbered from 1 to 158, represent either Portraits of principal Personages who have signalised themselves as Kings, Statesmen, Churchmen, Generals, Poets etc., or some remarkable Occurrence in our Country. This will naturally excite a curiousity in the youthful mind; and that curiousity will be gratified in the short account of each reign subjoined. On the whole, the writer flatters himself, that the public approbation will convince him, that the hours he has devoted to the formation of this little Scheme, have not been spent in vain.” It is known from surviving records, paintings and artifacts that games of the period (and today) are played in a similar way to those of ancient civilisations in the near and far east. There are only a few basic methods of playing games and over the past 250 years many thousands of variations have been created. The basic methods of play come down to four types – race games, strategy games, table games and card games. Many were originally developed for adults and were later adapted for children. Today I will be discussing only board games developed in the United Kingdom. It was the race game which above all became the basis for the educational game of the late 18th century and first half of the 19th century. The aim was to win but it was played with an element of chance and normally gambling was included by the means of a central kitty or pool into which players placed an agreed number of counters. Throughout play, rewards were given and penalties paid; sometimes these were the receiving or forfeiting of counters and at other times forward or backward movement on the board itself, though not the removing of markers from the board unless there was a provision for retirement from the game. Why was this format produced for the wealth of educational games, including those teaching morals and behaviour, even though they retained the element of gambling and chance? Quite simply they were exciting to play. Astute publishers could use this characteristic to great advantage to encourage learning and reading skills. The Game of Goose is generally regarded as the prototype of the modern race game. Devised in Italy and taken from much early formats of games played in the Middle and Far East, it was first noted in England by John Wolfe in 1597 as “the Newe and Most Pleasant Game of the Goose”. There were usually 61 or 63 squares or compartments which stressed good and bad behaviour. Of these squares, a number were plain and a number decorated with either a scene or a goose. Landing on a goose was a good move and rewarded, often with the words “double his chance forward”, while if landing on a bad square such as the Ale House a double penalty was paid usually in the form of a counter to the pool and waiting until all others had taken a turn. There were also very severe penalties such as death or overthrowing the end of the game, which required the player to either start again or withdraw from the game completely. One of the earliest versions of this game was published about 1725 by John Bowls & Son and one of the latest during the 1980s. In general the format was a spiral or a flattened spiral but occasionally a new design was made, for example a one published by Richard Holmes Laurie, November 22, 1831. It shows a huge goose with three golden eggs set against a country scene. Variations of a theme were numerous. Laurie & Whittle, successors to Robert Sayers (they in turn were succeeded by Richard Holmes Laurie) continued to publish The Royal Pastime of Cupid Or Entertaining Game of The Snake which was based on the ancient Egyptian Game of the Snake, however, possibly in design only and not in rules. The reissuing of existing and popular games, often by successors to a business, was common. In many cases, no changes were made; in other case’s additions were included to update a game, particular ones on history or geography. All that a publisher needed to do was change the name and date of publication. Perhaps one of the best games of a goose was The New and Favourite Game of Mother Goose and The Golden Egg. It shows episodes and characters from the pantomime of the same title and includes Clown and Harlequin and places in London. It was published at the height of the career of Grimaldi the Clown, in September 1808, by John Wallis. Many of the first publishers of games were in fact cartographers and they quickly included the race game idea into game of Geography. The spiral format was not used; it was replaced by a map – of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland (collectively or individually), of Europe or of the world. One of the first publishers was Robert Sayers, working from 53 Fleet Street. He published much for children including puzzles and other games. Having started in 1745, he was succeeded in 1794 by Laurie and Whittle. The ideas for geographical games are summed up in a statement in the booklet of Geographical Recreations or A Voyage around the Habitable Globe, 1809. “The game, consisting of 116 little prints of the most interesting objects in Geography, is designed to familiarise youth with the names and relative situations of places, together with the manners, customs and dresses of the different nations in the habitable globe; and, as curiousity will naturally be excited by the scenes which present themselves, and the observations likely to occur, it is presumed that these, with an occasional reference to the Synopsis herewith given, will prove a continual source of amusement to young people of both sexes, and will furnish such a fund of geographical knowledge, as may prove equally beneficial in reading and conversation.” This statement shows the high hopes that many publishers had for their games. The geographical ones could be boring to look at, they were simply maps, often surrounded with vast texts. One wonders now as we play these games, were the youths of both sexes excited, amused or entertained by any of them. Often the titles were more exciting than the games. There were The Tours of Europe, England and Wales by John Wallis, The Royal Geographical Amusement of The Safe and Expedious Traveller, The Royal Geographical Pastime. By the mid-19th century, many geographical games were devised on a pictorial note rather than simply maps. The historical and geographical games are quite illuminating when studying them for the context. To the modern reader, one may be surprised to see how well informed many of the comments could be. For example in A Tour Through The British Colonies and Foreign Possessions, published by John Betts, there is expressed disapproval in the selling of alcohol and weapons to North American Indians and the accepted fact that Sebastian Cabot rediscovered Newfoundland in 1496. William Darton, on the other hand, with his beautiful game The Noble Game of The Elephant and Castle, Or Travelling in Asia, 1822, seemed quite mystified by the strange ways and creatures found there for which there was no ‘rational’ explanation; this included a woolly mammoth. The games of geography essentially looked at the world from a British viewpoint but the publishers did acknowledge that other places and people might be interesting. The history based games, however, were altogether more inward looking and usually strictly based on events as they affected the British Isles. During the period under discussion, King George III was on the throne for most of the time, from 1760 to 1820. He and his son became the focal points for the games whether or not the events actually happened during their lifetimes. The second rather amazing fact is that for many of the history games, nothing happened before 1066 and the invasion of William the Conqueror. There are a few exceptions. One was The New Game of Universal History and Chronology, published in 1814 by John Wallis. This game starts with Adam and Eve, Anno Mundi 1. All the dates are given with great conviction, for example the Universal Deluge occurred in AM 1636. One now wonders how this knowledge was lost between then and today. The games of history had many squares, often more than 150, and of course by reducing the period of history covered more details could be included. The games were often re-issued and reworked with changes being added in or adapted, especially with the death of the kings. George the Third reigned for so long, that a game was published by John Harris to celebrate his Jubilee in 1810. The squares showed events of his lifetime and the text in the accompanying booklet was very flowery when in praise of the king but was equally robust when describing some of the more disagreeable events. Included also were scientific and geographical discoveries. Ten years later John Harris reworked The Jubilee as The Sun of Brunswick to celebrate the new king, George IV. The last 20 odd compartments were redone to include the deaths of Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, Charlotte Augusta the daughter of George IV, who was in a fact heir to the throne and known as Princess of Wales, and of George III himself. By the 1840s, Queen Victoria was on the throne and one of the most important new inventions was the railway, both were added to reissue games. Gradually both history and geography-based games were replaced by other forms of games and of course, methods of learning. But these subjects were not the only ones to be treated in this way. Mathematics, natural history and languages were also subjected to the race game format though generally these games were not as attractive to look at. However, if played correctly, they were enjoyable ways of learning. An Arithmetical Pastime was published in 1791 by C. Taylor. It had 100 circles, some of which contained illustrations while others had directions and forfeits to be paid. The forfeits were repeating tables, some of which were obvious such as the times tables, others were less so, for example the wine measures. Other tables are not now used – the avoirdupois, for example, measured pounds and ounces. If a player could not meet the forfeit, he had the choice of missing turns or moving backwards. A later version, with the same title, had quite different rules and used two teetotums for the moves and to learn the mathematical disciplines. The players had to subtract, multiply or divide the two numbers given by the teetotums and the result formed the move. Used to accompany the game was a set of verses to be read out and a list of further rewards or forfeits. This version was the ultimate teacher as it taught everything - morals, history, geography and arithmetic. inked to mathematical games were those of astronomy. Science in Sport or The Pleasures of Astronomy, published 1804 by John Wallis, had 35 compartments with the portraits of astronomers and representations of astronomical phenomena. At the time nine planets and their movements around the sun were known, however, these were added to with fictional representations, for example The Man in the Moon. Often behaviour traits, The Studious Boy and the Blockhead, signs of the zodiac, comets, rainbows and even known astrologers were shown. The Circle of Knowledge, published about 1845 by John Passmore, included the zodiac around the central compartment. Unlike many games of the time, it was arranged in four concentric circles. As well as the zodiac and the four cardinal compass points, Europe, Asia, America and Africa were shown, together with the four seasons, the four houses of the zodiac and the four sciences - electricity, chemistry, optics and astronomy. The illustrations too were unusual, for example fire was illustrated by a volcano, a burning farm and a pit explosion while optics were shown as a giant telescope, a magic lantern show and the perspective of a tunnel. One of the best games of natural history was William Darton’s 1820 version of British and Foreign Animals. The subtitle again gave graphic details about the aims of the publisher with “A New Game, Moral, Instructive and Amusing, designed to allure the Minds of Youth to an Acquaintance with the Wonders of Nature.” Both domestic and wild animals were included, even the Australian kangaroo. A companion game published by Darton in 1822 had the wonderful title The Delicious Game of The Fruit Basket or The Novel and Elegant Game of The Basket of Fruit. Sadly only the design and title were delicious as the game dwelt mainly on penitentiaries and trial by jury, the Royal Academy, hospitals, national schools and the School for the Blind, sciences and religion. Both games while following the principles of rewards and forfeits were very much a teaching tool. William Darton’s games seemed to have a sombre side as many were very moral and rather disagreeable in tone yet beautifully executed. He later produced one which should have cheered everyone up, called A Voyage of Discovery or The Five Navigators, 1836. However, it dealt with the dangers and incidents likely to befall sailors. We have touched on the games teaching history, geography and so on but the final main group was that of morals; these games were extended forms of the original Game of the Goose. Within many of the previously mentioned games, morals were included, however, the publishers devised many more which were very strict. Often they had good titles and possibly the best was The New Game of Virtue Rewarded and Vice Punished for The Amusement of Youth of Both Sexes, published in 1820 by William Darton. A generation earlier, a similar subtitle was “Designed for the Amusement of Youth of Both Sexes and Calculated to Inspire their Minds with an Abhorrence of Vice and a Love of Virtue.” Taken from The New Game of Emulation, published by John Harris in 1804, this game actually showed many images a child would actually come across, a shepherd with his flock, a church, school, even a rocking horse while the almost cryptic words “cheerfully exert themselves to obtain an honorary prize” while being “perfectly aware of the consequences of disgrace and naturally dread it” rather deadened the pleasing illustrations. Two methods of teaching morals or behaviour were produced, though both used the same games format. One method was based on the passage of life from infancy to old age and death and showed the temptations one might meet along the way. These tended to have straight formal titles such as The Game of Human Life and more often than not were based on the male life to the exclusion of females. However, the games were not restricted to boys playing them, as the subtitle to The Game of Human Life states “...most Agreeable and Rational Recreation ever Invented for Youth of Both Sexes.” Parents were encouraged to instruct their children on each of the characters, usually 84, with “a few moral and judicious observations... and contrast the happiness of a virtuous and well spent life with the fatal consequences arising from vicious and immoral pursuits”. Most of the characters have the same meanings today although some of the pursuits would not now draw penalties, for example The Romance Writer must pay two and move back to the Mischievous Child and the Dramatist must pay four and begin again. The Tragic Author has the harshest as he advances to the Immortal Man and dies but to compensate him he actually wins the pool or kitty by finishing first. The game quoted was published in 1790 by John Wallis and Elizabeth Newbery. (While we are discussing only English games of this period, there are some very fine French and German examples of The Game of Human Life, often far more intricate in design.) The second method, developed slightly later, was stricter and based on the fundamental principles that if you behave properly all bodes well, but if you slip from the straight and narrow the penalties are severe. These titles were much more lucid with The Cottage of Content or Right Road and Wrong Ways, The Journey, The Mansion of Bliss and The Mansion of Happiness. (This latter one is also the title of one of the first American board games, published by W & S B Ives in 1843.) Penalties were paid for often routine bad traits – straying, boasting, wasting time, idleness, self-indolence, obstinacy, ignorance, pride, conceit and forgetfulness; other traits were considered very bad - theft, lying, drunkenness, cheating. In most of the games there were more bad than good traits – recollection, repentance, patience, kindness, exertion and diligence. Snakes & Ladders was the game which took over the teaching of morals, and it was a version of a game introduced from India. Like the earlier versions, there were more snakes, the baddies, than ladders, generally 12 to 8. By the middle of the 19th century new processes were being introduced, lithography had been developed which was cheaper than the engraving and etching processes, even though the publishers had been one of the first groups to involve themselves in new technology – the use of static steam presses instead of hand operated ones. Many of the original group had died. The men and women who developed these early teaching games seemed to be inspired and that inspiration seemed to die with them. New publishers, new methods of production, new methods of teaching and new games formats changed the look of the board games and the very reasons for their existence. As we study them today, however, the games remain excellent teaching tools. We learn from these games the history and social life of the people, what they felt was important and how they regarded themselves in relationship to the rest of the world and other cultures. Publishers Mentioned John Wallis, with sons John and Edward; one of the most prolific publishers of games and dissected puzzles between 1775 and 1847. Also worked with John Harris and Elizabeth Newbery. Elizabeth Newbery, part of the leading publishing family of children’s literature during the 18th century; John Harris managed her establishment. Worked with John Wallis John Harris, took over Elizabeth Newbery’s business in 1801 and worked until it was sold in 1843. Robert Sayer, one of the earliest publishers of children’s games, 1745-1794. Laurie & Whittle, Robert Laurie and James Whittle; acquired the business of Robert Sayer in 1794. Richard Holmes Laurie succeeded Robert on his death in 1812 and James Whittle on his death in 1818. Also worked with other publishers including William Darton. William Darton, established 1787 and under went many name changes depending on the partners and sons. The William referred to here was the son who opened his own establishment in 1804. John Betts, leading 19th century publisher between 1827 and 1874. John Passmore, published from 1840 to 1869.
		Accession N°2669.2.4 Waddesdon-The Rothschild Collection
		Accession N°2669.2.4 Waddesdon-The Rothschild Collection (The National Trust). Object title: "New Game of Women's Fashion and Hairstyles". Original Language Title: (Le Nouveau Jeu du Costume et des Coeffures des Dames Dédié au Beau Sexe). Object type: board games; etchings/intaglio prints/prints. Primary Maker: Unknown. Primary Maker Role: Artist or maker. Secondary Maker: Jean-Baptiste Crépy (French, d.1796). Secondary Maker Role: Publisher. Medium: etching and engraving on paper. Dimensions: mm. 685 x 900 (mount size). Media Materials: laid paper/paper (fiber product)/materials; printing ink/ink/coating (material)/materials; cardboard/pasteboard/paper (fiber product)/materials. Physical Description: single sheet mounted on cardboard, image and text size: 500 x 719 (sheet trimmed to or within plate mark). Primary Production Technique: etching (printing process); engraving (printing process). Primary Prod Date: 1778 {nd}. Primary Prod Date Notes: Dated by D'Allemagne. Place of Production: Paris/France. Language Keywords: French. Brief Description: Printed board game titled "New Game of Women's Fashion and Hairstyles Dedicated to the Fair Sex". Game with 63 spaces arranged in a spiral with the rules in the middle. Each space shows a different hairstyle. The last space shows Marie-Antoinette in a boat. In the corners, there are scenes of Marie-Antoinette's day, including a toilette scene, hunting and a scene at court where she is presented with animals, including a leopard. The images are etched and the text is engraved. Signature Date description: XXX Signature Marks Y N display: XXX Signature Marks Type Y N display: No inscriptions. Signature Marks Notes Y N display: XXX Location of Publisher’s Premises: rue Saint-Jacques, Paris. Location of Publisher’s Premises Notes: près la rue de la Parcheminerie. Curatorial Commentary: Laurence discusses the game's relationship to fashion plates and satires against tall hairstyles. The corner vignettes contrast the elaborate hairstyles with a more simple form of dress as advocated by Rousseau, in the figure of Marie Antoinette. Research Keywords: Fashion; Monarchy; Genre: Portraiture; History Subjects; Genre Subjects. Subject People name only: Queen Marie-Antoinette of France; b.1755, d.1793. Subject Role: Pictured. Subject Category; Portraits/Female; Figures/Female; Figures/Group; Figures/Male; Objects/Clothing & Personal Effects/Notable Headwear/Tall Hairstyle; Everyday Life/Gaming & Sport/Hunting; Animals/Mammals/Horse; Animals/Mammals/Leopard; Nature, Landscape & The Elements/Countryside; Everyday Life/Toilette; Architecture/Buildings/Domestic; Interiors/Domestic; Nature, Landscape & The Elements/Flora/Trees & Plants; Everyday Life/Court Life & Court Ceremonial; Objects/Industrial & Maritime Equipment/Boat Subject Place: Paris/France. Subject Event: XXX Subject Date: XXX Documentation with notes: Henry R. D'Allemagne, "Le Noble Jeu de l'Oie", Paris, 1950, (p. 226), discusses another copy of the game. Sue Laurence, "The development of French board games with particular reference to 'le jeu de l'oie' from the late seventeenth to the early nineteenth century (MA dissertation)", 2002, (pp. 27-28). Related Literature: XXX Related Literature Notes: XXX External File Notes: XXX Cataloguer: Phillippa Plock.

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