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Round the World with Nellie Bly

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	primo autore:	Non indicato
	secondo autore:	McLoughlin Bros.
	anno:	1890
	luogo:	USA-New York
	periodo:	XIX secolo (4°/4)
	percorso:	Percorso di 73 caselle numerate
	materiale:	carta incollata su cartone ripiegato in 2
	dimensioni:	400X410
	stampa:	Cromolitografia.Ed. Mc Loughlin
	luogo acquisto:	Francia-Parigi
	data acquisto:	10-06-1993
	dimensioni confezione:
	numero caselle:	73
	categoria:	Grandi viaggi e Giri del Mondo
	tipo di gioco:	Gioco di percorso
	editore:	McLoughlin Brothers Inc. New York
	stampatore:	McLoughlin
	proprietario:	Collezione L. Ciompi - A. Seville
	autore delle foto:	L. Ciompi - A. Seville
	numero di catalogo:	568
	descrizione:	Gioco di 73 caselle numerate, spirale (circolare), orario, centripeto. Agli angoli: "Speeding across the Atlantic"; "Over a mile a minute"; "Good by Phileas! Jules Verne"; "The "Worlds" Globe Circler" Nellie Bly". Nelly Bly è lo pseudonimo di Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman, una giornalista americana nata nel 1864. Fu lei a persuadere il suo editore al New York World a permetterle di provare l'impresa di emulare e superare i viaggi di Phileas Fogg nel "Giro del Mondo in Ottanta giorni". Il gioco mostra le tappe fondamentali dell'itinerario partendo da Hoboken, New Jersey, dove il 14 novembre 1889 la Bly salpò alla volta di Southampton (Inghilterra) sul Transatlantico Augusta Victoria. Il nono giorno raggiunse Amiens e incontrò lo stesso Jules Verne. Il suo viaggio la portò ad attraversare il Canale di Suez (giorno 13) per arrivare a Hong Kong e in Giappone. Per la tratta finale navigò sull'Oceanic, ma la nave fu rallentata da alcuni temporali e Nellie Bly arrivò a San Francisco con due giorni di ritardo sul ruolino di marcia. Il proprietario del New York World, Joseph Pulitzer, noleggiò allora un treno privato per fare in modo che arrivasse a New York il più presto possibile. Il treno raffigurato al centro del gioco durante il tragitto da una costa all'altra raggiunse una velocità record di circa 60 chilometri orari ed ebbe la priorirà sul resto del traffico ferroviario (anche se si fermava nelle piccole cittadine per motivi pubblicitari). Alla fine il viaggio attorno al mondo di Nellie Bly si concluse in poco più di 72 giorni, ma rimase un record solo per qualche mese. REGOLE: indicate nelle singole caselle. CASELLE: con didascalia. REFERENZA 1 "Round the world with Nellie Bly". This McLoughlin game, published in 1890 and copyrighted by J.A. Crozier, is based on the adventures of Nellie Bly, the pseudonym of Elizabeth Cochrane (1867-1922), a dashing American journalist who travelled round the world in an attempt to break the record created by the fictional Phineas Fogg in Jules Verne's Around The World in Eighty Days. The New York World thought up the enterprise and kept its readers informed with pictures and daily articles on her adventures. She sailed from New York on 14 November 1889 and completed her journey in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes and 14 seconds, travelling by ship, train, sampan and horseback. On the last leg, tram San Francisco to New York, a special train was laid on and large crowds, brass bands and fireworks greeted her everywhere. The World invited its readers to guess the time it would take Nellie to circumnavigate the globe, offering a prize of a free trip to Europe. Over one million readers entered the competition. A black-and-white version of the game illustrated here was printed on a whole page of the World on Sunday 26 January 1890. Readers were advised to use checker pieces, pennies or any other counters to represent the voyagers. 1) The object of the game is to complete the circuit of the World and reach New York first. 2) This is a game for 2, 3 or 4 players. Each player takes a coloured counter to represent a Voyager. 3) The player with the highest throw on the die starts, and then each player follows in turn. 4) Each player counts his move according to the number thrown on the die. A play of 1 puts voyagers on the first day, a play of 2 on the second day, and so on. 5) Players must follow directions on any given day or space that they may happen to reach, i.e. "go back a day", "lose another throw". If no directions are given, they may remain on that space. 6) The directions are, however, to be followed only when a player reaches a space by a throw of the die. For instance, having gone back a day or moved as directed, players are to disregard the directions found at their second resting place. 7)The first player to reach New York or beyond wins the game." (LOVE Brian, pag. 62) REFERENZA 2 "Round the World with Nellie Bly (Autour du monde avec Nellie Bly) dont J. A. Crozier obtint les droit exclusifs en 1890, est un jeu de course décrit comme un nouveau jeu exaltant et fascinant sur terre et sur mer. Il a aussi été édité en 1904 et a été produit pendant plusieurs années par les frères McLoughlin. Nellie Bly était en fait une jounaliste d'investigation, de son vrai nom Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman. En 1889 -1890 elle fit le tour du monde en 72 jours, 6 heures et 11 minutes, battant ainsi le record de Phileas Fogg, le héros du roman de Jules Verne, Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours". (GOODFELLOW Caroline) REFERENZA 3 "Round the World with Nellie Bly, copyrighted by J. A. Crozier in 1890, is a race game described as "A Novel and Fascinating Game of Excitement on Land and See". It also bears the copyright date 1904 and was produced for many years by McLoughlin Brothers. Nellie Bly was in fact an investigative journalist whose real name was Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman. In 1889/90, she travelled around the world in 72 days, 6 hours and 11 minutes thus beating the time of Phileas Fogg, the hero of Jules Verne's novel Around the World in Eighty Days". (GOODFELLOW Caroline) REFERENZA 4 Le 14 novembre 1889, une jeune journaliste américaine, Nellie Bly, entame un voyage autour du monde avec l'intention affichée de battre le record de Phileas Fogg. Elle raconte, chaque jour, son aventure dans le "World" de New-York et rencontre même Jules Verne à Amiens. Ce dernier la reçoit gentiment. Mais il n'en fut jamais remercié. Nellie Bly arrive aux Etats Unis le 25 janvier 1890 réalisant ainsi, en 72 jours, une performance extraordinaire. Cet exploit est l'occasion pour Mc Loughlin Brothers, à New York, de publier une belle boîte de jeu: "Game of trip round the World", en 1890. La spirale représente le périple, jour après jour, de la journaliste. Il est, de fait, très différent du parcours de Phileas Fogg et bien moins pittoresque. Le portrait de Jules Verne figure dans le coin droit, apportant ainsi une caution à l'ingrate jeune femme. Dans son édition du 26 janvier 1890, pour fêter l'arrivée de la jeune femme, le "World" offre à ses lecteurs un fac-similé du jeu en noir et blanc. Le jeu sera publié jusqu'en 1920 sous différentes appellations, dont " Race Around the World" en 1891. Une variante simplifiée est éditée vers 1900. (Salmon Daniel, 2011) REFERENZA 5 ROUND THE WORLD WITH NELLIE BLY USA, 1890 Farhlithografie, 41X40 cm. Verlag: McLoughlin Brothers, New York 1889 erhielt die 25-jaehrige Journalistin Nellie Bly von der New York World den Auftrag, um die Welt zu reisen. Bly war in New York keine Unbekannte: Zwei Jahre zuvor hatte sie mit ihrer Reportage (Ten Days in a Mad-House) fuer Aufsehen gesorgt. Sie verbrachte undercover zehn Tage in der New Yorker Psychiatrie, um die Zustaende in der Anstalt zu dekuvrieren. In ihrem neuen Projekt galt es, so Herausgeber Joseph Pulitzer, Phileas Fogg aus Jules Vernes Reise um die Erde in achtzig Tagen zu schlagen. Bly gewann mit acht Tagen Vorsprung. Auch das Spiel Round the World with Nellie Bly nimmt explizit Bezug auf die literarische Konkurrenz, es war ein seltsames Match zwischen Bly und Jules Vernes Held auf mehreren Ebenen: Mann gegen Frau, Amerika gegen England und sogar: Realitaet gegen Fiktion. Die permanente rnediale Begleitung und ihr rasch nach ihrer Rueckkehr erschienener Reisebericht, der nicht frei von Vorurteilen und Rassismen ist, machte sie zu einer der bekanntesten Frauen der USA. Wie Mark Twain hielt sie quer durch die USA Dutzende hoch bezahlte Vortraege, weiters erschienen simultan Bly-Globen, -Kleider, -Puzzles und in vielen Auflagen das Brettspiel Round the World with Nelly Bly. Bly reiste allein, die Route fuehrte vom 14. November 1889 bis 25. Jaenner 1890 von New York mit dem Dampfschiff nach London, Paris, via Brindisi nach Port Said, danach ueber Aden, Colombo, Singapur, Yokohama, zurueck ueber San Francisco, Chicago bis New York. Sie legte, wie sie stolz in ihrem Buch vermerkt, insgesamt 34.987 Kilometer zurueck, bei einer Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit von 36.16 Kilometer pro Stunde. Eine erste Schwarzweiss-Version des Spiels erschien bereits einen Tag nach Blys triumphaler Ruekkehr als Beilage zur New York World. Das Spiel wurde spaeter von McLoughlin Brothers am Broadway in Farbe aufgelegt. Als Verkaufsargument wurde von McLoughlin, wie ueblich, der Charakter des Lernspiels angefuehrt, doch um das Argument ergaenzt, dass die Reise auf dem Papier "Familien zusammenhalte und dafuer sorge, dass die Kinder daheim blieben". Blys rasende Fahrt blieb freilich nicht ohne Kritik. Nicht alle, wie der Herausgeber des Petit Journal, sahen Sinn darin, "tausend interessante Orte an sich vorbeiziehen zu lassen, ohne sie zu besuchen". Von Feld zu Feld, von Tag zu Tag gewinnt oder verliert man Raum bzw. Zeit, beides haengt (fast moechte man sagen: im Einstein’schen Sinn) im Spiel untrennbar miteinander zusammen. Die Reisende ist keine Abenteurerin, keine Entdeckerin oder Gentle Lady auf Grand Tour mehr, Bly repraesentiert eine neue Figur, die das Reisen im 19. Jahrhundert hervorbrachte: den Touristen. Spielregeln Dieses Spiel kann von zwei, drei oder vier Personen gespielt werden. Wer als Erster das Zentrum erreicht, gewinnt das Spiel! Auf vielen Spielfeldern sind unter dem Bild Richtungsangaben abgedruckt, die von den Spielern befolgt werden muessen. Auf anderen Spielfeldern, den Sicherheitsfeldern, die keine Anweisung enthalten, sind die Spieler "sicher"; das heisst, sie koennen von keinem Spieler, der dasselbe Feld erreicht, geschlagen werden. Zu Beginn des Spiels wird die Reihenfolge bestimmt. Der Spieler, der die niedrigsce Zahl erhaelt, faengt an (...) Wenn der Wuerfel die Zahl "Eins" zeigt, platziert der Spieler die Spielfigur auf das Feld "1.Tag" und macht einen weiteren Zug (...) Kein Spieler darf also mit dem Spiel beginnen, bevor er oder sie eine "Eins" beim ersten Wurf des Wuefels wuerfelt. (...) Spielfiguren koennen von jedem Gegner geschlagen werden, wenn dieser dasselbe Feld erreicht, ausser wenn er sich auf einem Sicherheitsfeld befindet. Geschlagene Figuren werden vom Brett entfernt und muessen neu beginnen, also eine "Eins" beim ersten Wurf erzielen, um wieder am Spiel teilzunehmen (siehe oben) (...). Es koennen also zwei (oder mehr Figuren) ein Sicherheitsfeld gleichzeitig einnehmen (...). Der erste Spieler, der von den letzten sechs Feldern aus das Zentrum (Feld 73) erreicht, gewinnt das Spiel. Es muss jedoch die genaue Augenzahl gewuerfelt werden, die noetig ist, um von dem Feld, auf dem die Spielfigur steht, zum zentralen Feld zu kommen. Wenn ein Spieler eine Zahl wuerfelt, die kleiner als die erforderliche Zahl ist, muss die Figur um dieselbe Augenzahl zuruekbewegt werden. Literatur Nellie Bly: Around the World in 72 Days. Die schnellste Frau des 19. Jahrhunderts. Aus dem Englischen von J. Haubold Berlin 2013. Brooke Krueger: Nellie Bly. Daredevil, Reporter, Feminist. New York 1994 Edlie L. Wong: Around the World and across the Board: Nellie Bly and the Geography of Games. In: Martin Brueckner, Hsuan L, Hsu (Hrsg.): American Literary Geographies. Spatial Practise and Cultural Production 1500-1900. Newark: University of Delaware Press 2007, S. 296-323 (Ernste Strouhal)
	bibliografia:	1) GOODFELLOW, Caroline: "Jeux de société. Le guide du collectionneur des jeux de société depuis le XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à nos jours", (Edizione francese) Carrousel MS, 2001. 2) GOODFELLOW, Caroline: "A Collector's Guide to Games and Puzzles" Secaucus, New Jersey, Chartwell Books-London, Quintet Publishing Limited 1991. 3) GOODFELLOW, Caroline: "The Development of the English Board Game, 1770-1850", in Board Games Studies 1, 1998. 4) LOVE, Brian: “Great Board Game”, Ebury Press 1979. 5) SALMON, Daniel: "Les jeux de l'oie inspirés du "Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours"". 6) STROUHAL, Ernst: "Die Welt im Spiel. Atlas der spielbaren Landkarten”. Christian Brandstaetter Verlag. Universitat fur Angewandte Kunst, Wien. 2015 7) SEVILLE, Adrian: "L'arte dei giochi da tavolo. Oltre un secolo di storia e divertimento dalla fine del Settecento all'inizio del Novecento." Edizioni White Star, 2019. 8) HUET, Marie-Hélène: ("Around the World in Eighty Spaces") . The Princeton University Library Chronicle , Vol. 74, No. 3 (Spring 2013), pp. 397- 414, 2013.
		"The Development of the English Board Game, 1770-1850" (Caroline G. Goodfellow)
		Throughout the 18th century and well into the 19th century, the size of the middle income group of merchants, solicitors, doctors and industrialists grew. Trade flourished and unknown areas were explored. The adventurers who were prepared to open shipping routes and establish trading agreements reaped rich financial rewards. This was an age of enlightenment, invention, innovation and scientific discovery. Games were a part of the industrial and social life of entire nations, reflecting changing ideas and ideals, particularly during periods of major upheaval. The upbringing of children within these middle class families changed dramatically. Education became essential, covering not only the `three Rs’, but sensible grounding in national and international affairs. National pride and achievements were stressed, as were faults. In general, everyone seemed to be looking outwards, to try to understand new concepts. We must, however, when viewing the games of this period, remember to set them against their own time rather than to evaluate them in the light of modern history, knowledge or ideals. The publishers of many of these games were already established producers of maps and books, many of which were aimed at children. The idea of creating an educational tool was, in a way, a novelty. The Game of Goose was already well known and it required few changes to create The Game of Human Life or the History of England. The games were well received by parents who appreciated the educational aspects, the children’s resulting enjoyment and possibly that the games could be played in relative peace and calm. The early games stressed learning through play, but this aspect was gradually dropped in favour of sheer enjoyment of play. However, not all games were that enjoyable despite the claims of their titles. Perhaps the whole logic of such games was summed up by John Harris in the introduction or Advertisement as it was called to his game Historical Pastimes which was published in 1810. “The utility and tendency of this Game must be obvious at first sight; for surely there cannot be a more agreeable study than History, and none more improving to Youth, than that which conveys to them, in a pleasing and comprehensive manner, the Events which have occurred in their own Country. The little prints, which are regularly numbered from 1 to 158, represent either Portraits of principal Personages who have signalised themselves as Kings, Statesmen, Churchmen, Generals, Poets etc., or some remarkable Occurrence in our Country. This will naturally excite a curiousity in the youthful mind; and that curiousity will be gratified in the short account of each reign subjoined. On the whole, the writer flatters himself, that the public approbation will convince him, that the hours he has devoted to the formation of this little Scheme, have not been spent in vain.” It is known from surviving records, paintings and artifacts that games of the period (and today) are played in a similar way to those of ancient civilisations in the near and far east. There are only a few basic methods of playing games and over the past 250 years many thousands of variations have been created. The basic methods of play come down to four types – race games, strategy games, table games and card games. Many were originally developed for adults and were later adapted for children. Today I will be discussing only board games developed in the United Kingdom. It was the race game which above all became the basis for the educational game of the late 18th century and first half of the 19th century. The aim was to win but it was played with an element of chance and normally gambling was included by the means of a central kitty or pool into which players placed an agreed number of counters. Throughout play, rewards were given and penalties paid; sometimes these were the receiving or forfeiting of counters and at other times forward or backward movement on the board itself, though not the removing of markers from the board unless there was a provision for retirement from the game. Why was this format produced for the wealth of educational games, including those teaching morals and behaviour, even though they retained the element of gambling and chance? Quite simply they were exciting to play. Astute publishers could use this characteristic to great advantage to encourage learning and reading skills. The Game of Goose is generally regarded as the prototype of the modern race game. Devised in Italy and taken from much early formats of games played in the Middle and Far East, it was first noted in England by John Wolfe in 1597 as “the Newe and Most Pleasant Game of the Goose”. There were usually 61 or 63 squares or compartments which stressed good and bad behaviour. Of these squares, a number were plain and a number decorated with either a scene or a goose. Landing on a goose was a good move and rewarded, often with the words “double his chance forward”, while if landing on a bad square such as the Ale House a double penalty was paid usually in the form of a counter to the pool and waiting until all others had taken a turn. There were also very severe penalties such as death or overthrowing the end of the game, which required the player to either start again or withdraw from the game completely. One of the earliest versions of this game was published about 1725 by John Bowls & Son and one of the latest during the 1980s. In general the format was a spiral or a flattened spiral but occasionally a new design was made, for example a one published by Richard Holmes Laurie, November 22, 1831. It shows a huge goose with three golden eggs set against a country scene. Variations of a theme were numerous. Laurie & Whittle, successors to Robert Sayers (they in turn were succeeded by Richard Holmes Laurie) continued to publish The Royal Pastime of Cupid Or Entertaining Game of The Snake which was based on the ancient Egyptian Game of the Snake, however, possibly in design only and not in rules. The reissuing of existing and popular games, often by successors to a business, was common. In many cases, no changes were made; in other case’s additions were included to update a game, particular ones on history or geography. All that a publisher needed to do was change the name and date of publication. Perhaps one of the best games of a goose was The New and Favourite Game of Mother Goose and The Golden Egg. It shows episodes and characters from the pantomime of the same title and includes Clown and Harlequin and places in London. It was published at the height of the career of Grimaldi the Clown, in September 1808, by John Wallis. Many of the first publishers of games were in fact cartographers and they quickly included the race game idea into game of Geography. The spiral format was not used; it was replaced by a map – of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland (collectively or individually), of Europe or of the world. One of the first publishers was Robert Sayers, working from 53 Fleet Street. He published much for children including puzzles and other games. Having started in 1745, he was succeeded in 1794 by Laurie and Whittle. The ideas for geographical games are summed up in a statement in the booklet of Geographical Recreations or A Voyage around the Habitable Globe, 1809. “The game, consisting of 116 little prints of the most interesting objects in Geography, is designed to familiarise youth with the names and relative situations of places, together with the manners, customs and dresses of the different nations in the habitable globe; and, as curiousity will naturally be excited by the scenes which present themselves, and the observations likely to occur, it is presumed that these, with an occasional reference to the Synopsis herewith given, will prove a continual source of amusement to young people of both sexes, and will furnish such a fund of geographical knowledge, as may prove equally beneficial in reading and conversation.” This statement shows the high hopes that many publishers had for their games. The geographical ones could be boring to look at, they were simply maps, often surrounded with vast texts. One wonders now as we play these games, were the youths of both sexes excited, amused or entertained by any of them. Often the titles were more exciting than the games. There were The Tours of Europe, England and Wales by John Wallis, The Royal Geographical Amusement of The Safe and Expedious Traveller, The Royal Geographical Pastime. By the mid-19th century, many geographical games were devised on a pictorial note rather than simply maps. The historical and geographical games are quite illuminating when studying them for the context. To the modern reader, one may be surprised to see how well informed many of the comments could be. For example in A Tour Through The British Colonies and Foreign Possessions, published by John Betts, there is expressed disapproval in the selling of alcohol and weapons to North American Indians and the accepted fact that Sebastian Cabot rediscovered Newfoundland in 1496. William Darton, on the other hand, with his beautiful game The Noble Game of The Elephant and Castle, Or Travelling in Asia, 1822, seemed quite mystified by the strange ways and creatures found there for which there was no ‘rational’ explanation; this included a woolly mammoth. The games of geography essentially looked at the world from a British viewpoint but the publishers did acknowledge that other places and people might be interesting. The history based games, however, were altogether more inward looking and usually strictly based on events as they affected the British Isles. During the period under discussion, King George III was on the throne for most of the time, from 1760 to 1820. He and his son became the focal points for the games whether or not the events actually happened during their lifetimes. The second rather amazing fact is that for many of the history games, nothing happened before 1066 and the invasion of William the Conqueror. There are a few exceptions. One was The New Game of Universal History and Chronology, published in 1814 by John Wallis. This game starts with Adam and Eve, Anno Mundi 1. All the dates are given with great conviction, for example the Universal Deluge occurred in AM 1636. One now wonders how this knowledge was lost between then and today. The games of history had many squares, often more than 150, and of course by reducing the period of history covered more details could be included. The games were often re-issued and reworked with changes being added in or adapted, especially with the death of the kings. George the Third reigned for so long, that a game was published by John Harris to celebrate his Jubilee in 1810. The squares showed events of his lifetime and the text in the accompanying booklet was very flowery when in praise of the king but was equally robust when describing some of the more disagreeable events. Included also were scientific and geographical discoveries. Ten years later John Harris reworked The Jubilee as The Sun of Brunswick to celebrate the new king, George IV. The last 20 odd compartments were redone to include the deaths of Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, Charlotte Augusta the daughter of George IV, who was in a fact heir to the throne and known as Princess of Wales, and of George III himself. By the 1840s, Queen Victoria was on the throne and one of the most important new inventions was the railway, both were added to reissue games. Gradually both history and geography-based games were replaced by other forms of games and of course, methods of learning. But these subjects were not the only ones to be treated in this way. Mathematics, natural history and languages were also subjected to the race game format though generally these games were not as attractive to look at. However, if played correctly, they were enjoyable ways of learning. An Arithmetical Pastime was published in 1791 by C. Taylor. It had 100 circles, some of which contained illustrations while others had directions and forfeits to be paid. The forfeits were repeating tables, some of which were obvious such as the times tables, others were less so, for example the wine measures. Other tables are not now used – the avoirdupois, for example, measured pounds and ounces. If a player could not meet the forfeit, he had the choice of missing turns or moving backwards. A later version, with the same title, had quite different rules and used two teetotums for the moves and to learn the mathematical disciplines. The players had to subtract, multiply or divide the two numbers given by the teetotums and the result formed the move. Used to accompany the game was a set of verses to be read out and a list of further rewards or forfeits. This version was the ultimate teacher as it taught everything - morals, history, geography and arithmetic. inked to mathematical games were those of astronomy. Science in Sport or The Pleasures of Astronomy, published 1804 by John Wallis, had 35 compartments with the portraits of astronomers and representations of astronomical phenomena. At the time nine planets and their movements around the sun were known, however, these were added to with fictional representations, for example The Man in the Moon. Often behaviour traits, The Studious Boy and the Blockhead, signs of the zodiac, comets, rainbows and even known astrologers were shown. The Circle of Knowledge, published about 1845 by John Passmore, included the zodiac around the central compartment. Unlike many games of the time, it was arranged in four concentric circles. As well as the zodiac and the four cardinal compass points, Europe, Asia, America and Africa were shown, together with the four seasons, the four houses of the zodiac and the four sciences - electricity, chemistry, optics and astronomy. The illustrations too were unusual, for example fire was illustrated by a volcano, a burning farm and a pit explosion while optics were shown as a giant telescope, a magic lantern show and the perspective of a tunnel. One of the best games of natural history was William Darton’s 1820 version of British and Foreign Animals. The subtitle again gave graphic details about the aims of the publisher with “A New Game, Moral, Instructive and Amusing, designed to allure the Minds of Youth to an Acquaintance with the Wonders of Nature.” Both domestic and wild animals were included, even the Australian kangaroo. A companion game published by Darton in 1822 had the wonderful title The Delicious Game of The Fruit Basket or The Novel and Elegant Game of The Basket of Fruit. Sadly only the design and title were delicious as the game dwelt mainly on penitentiaries and trial by jury, the Royal Academy, hospitals, national schools and the School for the Blind, sciences and religion. Both games while following the principles of rewards and forfeits were very much a teaching tool. William Darton’s games seemed to have a sombre side as many were very moral and rather disagreeable in tone yet beautifully executed. He later produced one which should have cheered everyone up, called A Voyage of Discovery or The Five Navigators, 1836. However, it dealt with the dangers and incidents likely to befall sailors. We have touched on the games teaching history, geography and so on but the final main group was that of morals; these games were extended forms of the original Game of the Goose. Within many of the previously mentioned games, morals were included, however, the publishers devised many more which were very strict. Often they had good titles and possibly the best was The New Game of Virtue Rewarded and Vice Punished for The Amusement of Youth of Both Sexes, published in 1820 by William Darton. A generation earlier, a similar subtitle was “Designed for the Amusement of Youth of Both Sexes and Calculated to Inspire their Minds with an Abhorrence of Vice and a Love of Virtue.” Taken from The New Game of Emulation, published by John Harris in 1804, this game actually showed many images a child would actually come across, a shepherd with his flock, a church, school, even a rocking horse while the almost cryptic words “cheerfully exert themselves to obtain an honorary prize” while being “perfectly aware of the consequences of disgrace and naturally dread it” rather deadened the pleasing illustrations. Two methods of teaching morals or behaviour were produced, though both used the same games format. One method was based on the passage of life from infancy to old age and death and showed the temptations one might meet along the way. These tended to have straight formal titles such as The Game of Human Life and more often than not were based on the male life to the exclusion of females. However, the games were not restricted to boys playing them, as the subtitle to The Game of Human Life states “...most Agreeable and Rational Recreation ever Invented for Youth of Both Sexes.” Parents were encouraged to instruct their children on each of the characters, usually 84, with “a few moral and judicious observations... and contrast the happiness of a virtuous and well spent life with the fatal consequences arising from vicious and immoral pursuits”. Most of the characters have the same meanings today although some of the pursuits would not now draw penalties, for example The Romance Writer must pay two and move back to the Mischievous Child and the Dramatist must pay four and begin again. The Tragic Author has the harshest as he advances to the Immortal Man and dies but to compensate him he actually wins the pool or kitty by finishing first. The game quoted was published in 1790 by John Wallis and Elizabeth Newbery. (While we are discussing only English games of this period, there are some very fine French and German examples of The Game of Human Life, often far more intricate in design.) The second method, developed slightly later, was stricter and based on the fundamental principles that if you behave properly all bodes well, but if you slip from the straight and narrow the penalties are severe. These titles were much more lucid with The Cottage of Content or Right Road and Wrong Ways, The Journey, The Mansion of Bliss and The Mansion of Happiness. (This latter one is also the title of one of the first American board games, published by W & S B Ives in 1843.) Penalties were paid for often routine bad traits – straying, boasting, wasting time, idleness, self-indolence, obstinacy, ignorance, pride, conceit and forgetfulness; other traits were considered very bad - theft, lying, drunkenness, cheating. In most of the games there were more bad than good traits – recollection, repentance, patience, kindness, exertion and diligence. Snakes & Ladders was the game which took over the teaching of morals, and it was a version of a game introduced from India. Like the earlier versions, there were more snakes, the baddies, than ladders, generally 12 to 8. By the middle of the 19th century new processes were being introduced, lithography had been developed which was cheaper than the engraving and etching processes, even though the publishers had been one of the first groups to involve themselves in new technology – the use of static steam presses instead of hand operated ones. Many of the original group had died. The men and women who developed these early teaching games seemed to be inspired and that inspiration seemed to die with them. New publishers, new methods of production, new methods of teaching and new games formats changed the look of the board games and the very reasons for their existence. As we study them today, however, the games remain excellent teaching tools. We learn from these games the history and social life of the people, what they felt was important and how they regarded themselves in relationship to the rest of the world and other cultures. Publishers Mentioned John Wallis, with sons John and Edward; one of the most prolific publishers of games and dissected puzzles between 1775 and 1847. Also worked with John Harris and Elizabeth Newbery. Elizabeth Newbery, part of the leading publishing family of children’s literature during the 18th century; John Harris managed her establishment. Worked with John Wallis John Harris, took over Elizabeth Newbery’s business in 1801 and worked until it was sold in 1843. Robert Sayer, one of the earliest publishers of children’s games, 1745-1794. Laurie & Whittle, Robert Laurie and James Whittle; acquired the business of Robert Sayer in 1794. Richard Holmes Laurie succeeded Robert on his death in 1812 and James Whittle on his death in 1818. Also worked with other publishers including William Darton. William Darton, established 1787 and under went many name changes depending on the partners and sons. The William referred to here was the son who opened his own establishment in 1804. John Betts, leading 19th century publisher between 1827 and 1874. John Passmore, published from 1840 to 1869.

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