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Travellers (The) of Europe with Improvements and Additions

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	primo autore:	Non indicato
	secondo autore:	Spooner William
	anno:	1852
	luogo:	Inghilterra-Londra
	periodo:	XIX secolo (3°/4)
	percorso:	Percorso di 10 sezioni
	materiale:	carta incollata su tela (engraving on paper with linen backing)
	dimensioni:	504X622
	stampa:	Litografia colorata a mano (hand-coloured engraving)
	luogo acquisto:
	data acquisto:
	dimensioni confezione:
	numero caselle:	0
	categoria:	Geografia
	tipo di gioco:	Gioco di percorso
	editore:	Published by William Spooner
	stampatore:	Printed by L'Enfant, 12 Rathbone Street
	proprietario:	Privato
	autore delle foto:	L. Ciompi
	numero di catalogo:	732
	descrizione:	Gioco di percorso diviso in 10 sezioni. REGOLE: non riportate sul tavoliere (allegate). CASELLE: mute. REFERENZA 1 "The Travellers of Europe with Improvements and Additions" .(V&A Museum). Five players take the parts of The Travellers, who are from different nations, Austria, Sweden, Russia, Prussia and England. They must make their way to their respective capital cities each starting from a different city in Africa, or on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. They play with a teetotum or spinner with four sides marked N,S,E,W representing the directions they must move in. The game was first published in 1842 and the rules booklet that goes with this game is dated 1849, making it earlier than the game itself. Physical description RACE GAME, GEOGRAPHICAL - EUROPE Design: lithograph, coloured by hand; 9 sections mounted on linen and showing a map of Europe with topographical scenes. Printer L'Enfant, Printer, 12 Rathbone Street. N°of squares: 10 sections Squares illustrated: overall Squares titled: in booklet Subject of starting square: Lapland Subject of ending square: Greece Playing sheet folds into cloth covered boards with ribbon ties; bearing a label with a lithographed pictorial label; playing sheet shows views of various cities in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, with the lines of latitude and longitude. Equipment required: travellers/markers lettered A to E; teetotum with four sides marked N,E,S,W representing directions Place of Origin: England Date: 01/12/1852; 1849 [rules] Artist/maker: Spooner, William Materials and Techniques: Hand-coloured lithographed paper Marks and inscriptions: L'Enfant, Printer, 12 Rathbone Street on lower edge; printed Dimensions: Height: 62.2 cm; width: 50.4 cm Object history note: this is a later edition of the game entitled "The Travellers or a Tour Through Europe", issued December 1st 1842 (Table Games of Georgian & Victorian Times, p. 17). Inscribed in ink inside the front cover `Mary Crewdson Cowherd from her Aunt Henry Fox Octr. 28, 1854. Historical context note Rewards: paid from the pool, following directions listed on the game itself Forfeits: paid into the pool following directions listed on the game itself N°of Players: 5 Rules: PREFACE TO THE BOOKLET OF RULES. The compiler of "The Travellers", who has on many occasions successfully catered for the entertainment of youth, has in the present game, aimed at the higher object of blending instruction with amusement; and while he has attempted to impart the elements of geographical knowledge to very young learners , he has not neglected to make the medium as pleasant and amusing as that of any one of his former popular games. The Study of Geography, in itself so interesting, when pursued through the formal details of a chart,, may not at first offer an attraction to the youthful student; but by means of an emulative game, in which the distances and positions of the various countries and capitals are geographically defined, and in which the leading cities of Europe are illustrated by correct representations, the publisher has thought to stimulate the young inquirer to that thirst after knowledge, which may be perfected in maturer years. The pictorial illustrations of cities are derived from the most recent views on approved authorities, as the Whale Fishery in the Northern Ocean, and the Giant's Causeway in Ireland; or some peculiar custom is portrayed, as sledge travelling in Russia, and the perilous sports of the remote inhabitants of Finland and of Siberia. Little, it is presumed, need be said in favour of a mode of information at once so pleasing and so exact; or of an amusement which will leave on the youthful mind many of the solid advantages of a more regular instruction. The publisher, therefore, presents this little game which equal confidence both to parents and to children, in the full assurance that to the former it will afford all the satisfaction, and to the latter all the amusement, which either he or they can desire. To those little wayfarers who, by so many various routes, seek the object of the heart's constant affections - Home - he recommends not only the patience and perseverance of more matured travellers, but that as they meet or cross each others' path on this extended stage of travel, they should cultivate that kindness and good humour which sweeten the path of life - to the child as well as to the man - in the city and in the desert, as well as by their own cheerful and contented firesides. Game: The Travellers who are of different nations, having journeyed in company through various parts of the world, agree on arriving at Alexandria to return home to the capitals of their respective countries, by embarking each from some different city in Africa, or on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea. The Austrian (distinguished by the mark A) is to start from Jerusalem; The Russian (marked B) from Cairo; the Swede (marked C) from Alexandria; the Prussian (marked D) from Tripoli; and the Englishman (marked E) from Morocco. Close to, or upon, these cities, the points of starting are marked S, and each traveller places his mark or counter on the part of the city from which has to commence his journey. Their journeys are to be pursued by the turning up of the totum, which is marked with the letters N, E, S, W representing north, east, south and west; and each traveller is to move along the lines of the pictorial map from cross to cross of the squares as may be determined by the totum. If the totum turns up: N: the player moves north or upwards to the next corner, or crossing of the lines, in a direct road above him; if E: he moves to the next corner, or crossing of the lines, on the right or east; if S: he moves to the corner immediately below or south; if W: he is to move to the next corner to his left or west. All these movements must be along the lines; and each time not further than the first crossing of the lines. It must be well understood that N indicates North or Upward, E - East or right, S - South or downward, W - West or left. The destination of each traveller is shewn by a circle having the letter of the mark of the player. Rules 1. Draw lots to determine who shall play first, second, third etc. 2. Each player is to put three counters into the pool on commencing the game. 3. When a player is directed to move to a crossing or angle occupied by another player; they are to change places with each other. 4. When a player is so near the margin of the map he can not find an angle or cross to move when directed, he will wait till his next turn to play. 5. Forfeits are to be paid to, and the prizes taken from the pool, according as the players reach the places where they are named. 6. Whoever arrives at, or passes over, any part of the capital of a kingdom which is marked and fails to name the country of which it is the capital, is to pay two counters into the pool. , and the first player in each game is to hold the book and to enforce the fines at the time, or to pay one counter himself to the pool for every neglect. 7. When every player has travelled to the extreme part of the North, so as to come on the circle at the top of the map which marks the 'Arctic Ocean' he may take his mark to within two moves in any direction of his own capital. (This rule is made in order to abridge the duration of the game and to give variety and it may either be adopted or not, as the players may determine when they commence the game). 8. The traveller who first reaches the capital of his country by passing along the lines that has the circle corresponding with his mark, wins the game and takes the contents of the pool. Fines and rewards are indicated on the playing sheet at the intersections of various lines of latitude and longitude. GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION The Earth or Globe, consisting of land and water,-the former of which comprehends four grand divisions, called Europe,. Asia, Africa and America,-may be represented either in the whole or in part, by geographical charts or maps. The Division our pictorial map attempts to illustrate, is Europe - the smallest but the most civilized of the four quarters of the world. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean; on the west by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea; and on the east by Asia. The following countries comprise the various Divisions of Europe:- LAPLAND-divided into Swedish and Russian Lapland SWEDEN and NORWAY - DENMARK RUSSIA in EUROPE-POLAND-FINLAND GERMANY-consisting of the Empire of Austria, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the States of Germany HOLLAND-BELGIUM GREAT BRITAIN-comprehending England, Wales and Scotland IRELAND FRANCE-SWITZERLAND-ITALY SPAIN-PORTUGAL TURKEY in EUROPE-GREECE 1. LAPLAND-Part of which belongs to Russia and part to Sweden, is the most northern country in Europe, and is divided into North, South and East Lapland. The climate is very cold, and the country mountainous, with immense forests of fir, and tracts of land covered with moss. The natives are in a very rude state of civilization; and the whole amount of the population is supposed not to exceed 60,000. In the northern part of Lapland the differences in the length of day and night are greater than in any other part of the inhabited world. The longest day in summer is about eight weeks, during which period the sun never sets; and in winter the longest night continues for a similar period. Rules placement: booklet, published by Spooner 1849. Descriptive line: Hand coloured geographical Race Game, "The Travellers of Europe", published in England by William Spooner in 1852. REFERENZA 2 WHITEHOUSE, Francis Reginald Beaman, (pag. 18): THE TRAVELLERS OF EUROPE with Improvements and Additions. London. Published by William Spooner, 379 Strand December 1. 1852. L’Enfant, Printer, 12 Rathbone Place. Identical to the earlier edition in general appearance, cut into 9 sections and similarly contained in folding boards but of larger size. Spooner’s address in this game is 379, and not 377 Strand. Exhibitions: - "Instruction and Delight: Children's Games from the Ellen and Arthur Liman Collection" (Yale Center for British Art, 17 January-23 May, 2019).
	bibliografia:	1) GOODFELLOW, Caroline: "Jeux de société. Le guide du collectionneur des jeux de société depuis le XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à nos jours", (Edizione francese) Carrousel MS, 2001. 2) GOODFELLOW, Caroline: "A Collector's Guide to Games and Puzzles" Secaucus, New Jersey, Chartwell Books-London, Quintet Publishing Limited 1991. 3) GOODFELLOW, Caroline: "The Development of the English Board Game, 1770-1850", in Board Games Studies 1, 1998. 4) SEVILLE Adrian: "The geographical Jeux de l'Oie of Europe." In "Belgeo" 2008 3-4 2008. 5) SEVILLE, Adrian: "The Game of Goose: and its influence on cartographical race games" Journal of the International Map Collectors' Society, Winter 2008 N°115 2008. 6) WHITEHOUSE, F.R.B: "Table Games of Georgian and Victorian Days", Peter Garnett 47, Welbeck Street, London 1951. 7) LIMAN, Ellen: "Georgian and Victorian Board Games: The Liman Collection", Pointed Leaf Press, 2017 (pages 22, 138). 8) NORCIA, Megan A.: "Gaming Empire in Children's British Board Games, 1836-1860". Studies in Childhood, 1700 to the Present. Routledge, 2019. 9) PARLAK, Ömer Fatih: "The Image of the Turk in Early Modern Board Games and Playing Cards". PHD THESIS. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 2019.
		"The Development of the English Board Game", 1770-1850 (Caroline G. Goodfellow)
		Throughout the 18th century and well into the 19th century, the size of the middle income group of merchants, solicitors, doctors and industrialists grew. Trade flourished and unknown areas were explored. The adventurers who were prepared to open shipping routes and establish trading agreements reaped rich financial rewards. This was an age of enlightenment, invention, innovation and scientific discovery. Games were a part of the industrial and social life of entire nations, reflecting changing ideas and ideals, particularly during periods of major upheaval. The upbringing of children within these middle class families changed dramatically. Education became essential, covering not only the `three Rs’, but sensible grounding in national and international affairs. National pride and achievements were stressed, as were faults. In general, everyone seemed to be looking outwards, to try to understand new concepts. We must, however, when viewing the games of this period, remember to set them against their own time rather than to evaluate them in the light of modern history, knowledge or ideals. The publishers of many of these games were already established producers of maps and books, many of which were aimed at children. The idea of creating an educational tool was, in a way, a novelty. The Game of Goose was already well known and it required few changes to create The Game of Human Life or the History of England. The games were well received by parents who appreciated the educational aspects, the children’s resulting enjoyment and possibly that the games could be played in relative peace and calm. The early games stressed learning through play, but this aspect was gradually dropped in favour of sheer enjoyment of play. However, not all games were that enjoyable despite the claims of their titles. Perhaps the whole logic of such games was summed up by John Harris in the introduction or Advertisement as it was called to his game Historical Pastimes which was published in 1810. “The utility and tendency of this Game must be obvious at first sight; for surely there cannot be a more agreeable study than History, and none more improving to Youth, than that which conveys to them, in a pleasing and comprehensive manner, the Events which have occurred in their own Country. The little prints, which are regularly numbered from 1 to 158, represent either Portraits of principal Personages who have signalised themselves as Kings, Statesmen, Churchmen, Generals, Poets etc., or some remarkable Occurrence in our Country. This will naturally excite a curiousity in the youthful mind; and that curiousity will be gratified in the short account of each reign subjoined. On the whole, the writer flatters himself, that the public approbation will convince him, that the hours he has devoted to the formation of this little Scheme, have not been spent in vain.” It is known from surviving records, paintings and artifacts that games of the period (and today) are played in a similar way to those of ancient civilisations in the near and far east. There are only a few basic methods of playing games and over the past 250 years many thousands of variations have been created. The basic methods of play come down to four types – race games, strategy games, table games and card games. Many were originally developed for adults and were later adapted for children. Today I will be discussing only board games developed in the United Kingdom. It was the race game which above all became the basis for the educational game of the late 18th century and first half of the 19th century. The aim was to win but it was played with an element of chance and normally gambling was included by the means of a central kitty or pool into which players placed an agreed number of counters. Throughout play, rewards were given and penalties paid; sometimes these were the receiving or forfeiting of counters and at other times forward or backward movement on the board itself, though not the removing of markers from the board unless there was a provision for retirement from the game. Why was this format produced for the wealth of educational games, including those teaching morals and behaviour, even though they retained the element of gambling and chance? Quite simply they were exciting to play. Astute publishers could use this characteristic to great advantage to encourage learning and reading skills. The Game of Goose is generally regarded as the prototype of the modern race game. Devised in Italy and taken from much early formats of games played in the Middle and Far East, it was first noted in England by John Wolfe in 1597 as “the Newe and Most Pleasant Game of the Goose”. There were usually 61 or 63 squares or compartments which stressed good and bad behaviour. Of these squares, a number were plain and a number decorated with either a scene or a goose. Landing on a goose was a good move and rewarded, often with the words “double his chance forward”, while if landing on a bad square such as the Ale House a double penalty was paid usually in the form of a counter to the pool and waiting until all others had taken a turn. There were also very severe penalties such as death or overthrowing the end of the game, which required the player to either start again or withdraw from the game completely. One of the earliest versions of this game was published about 1725 by John Bowls & Son and one of the latest during the 1980s. In general the format was a spiral or a flattened spiral but occasionally a new design was made, for example a one published by Richard Holmes Laurie, November 22, 1831. It shows a huge goose with three golden eggs set against a country scene. Variations of a theme were numerous. Laurie & Whittle, successors to Robert Sayers (they in turn were succeeded by Richard Holmes Laurie) continued to publish The Royal Pastime of Cupid Or Entertaining Game of The Snake which was based on the ancient Egyptian Game of the Snake, however, possibly in design only and not in rules. The reissuing of existing and popular games, often by successors to a business, was common. In many cases, no changes were made; in other case’s additions were included to update a game, particular ones on history or geography. All that a publisher needed to do was change the name and date of publication. Perhaps one of the best games of a goose was The New and Favourite Game of Mother Goose and The Golden Egg. It shows episodes and characters from the pantomime of the same title and includes Clown and Harlequin and places in London. It was published at the height of the career of Grimaldi the Clown, in September 1808, by John Wallis. Many of the first publishers of games were in fact cartographers and they quickly included the race game idea into game of Geography. The spiral format was not used; it was replaced by a map – of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland (collectively or individually), of Europe or of the world. One of the first publishers was Robert Sayers, working from 53 Fleet Street. He published much for children including puzzles and other games. Having started in 1745, he was succeeded in 1794 by Laurie and Whittle. The ideas for geographical games are summed up in a statement in the booklet of Geographical Recreations or A Voyage around the Habitable Globe, 1809. “The game, consisting of 116 little prints of the most interesting objects in Geography, is designed to familiarise youth with the names and relative situations of places, together with the manners, customs and dresses of the different nations in the habitable globe; and, as curiousity will naturally be excited by the scenes which present themselves, and the observations likely to occur, it is presumed that these, with an occasional reference to the Synopsis herewith given, will prove a continual source of amusement to young people of both sexes, and will furnish such a fund of geographical knowledge, as may prove equally beneficial in reading and conversation.” This statement shows the high hopes that many publishers had for their games. The geographical ones could be boring to look at, they were simply maps, often surrounded with vast texts. One wonders now as we play these games, were the youths of both sexes excited, amused or entertained by any of them. Often the titles were more exciting than the games. There were The Tours of Europe, England and Wales by John Wallis, The Royal Geographical Amusement of The Safe and Expedious Traveller, The Royal Geographical Pastime. By the mid-19th century, many geographical games were devised on a pictorial note rather than simply maps. The historical and geographical games are quite illuminating when studying them for the context. To the modern reader, one may be surprised to see how well informed many of the comments could be. For example in A Tour Through The British Colonies and Foreign Possessions, published by John Betts, there is expressed disapproval in the selling of alcohol and weapons to North American Indians and the accepted fact that Sebastian Cabot rediscovered Newfoundland in 1496. William Darton, on the other hand, with his beautiful game The Noble Game of The Elephant and Castle, Or Travelling in Asia, 1822, seemed quite mystified by the strange ways and creatures found there for which there was no ‘rational’ explanation; this included a woolly mammoth. The games of geography essentially looked at the world from a British viewpoint but the publishers did acknowledge that other places and people might be interesting. The history based games, however, were altogether more inward looking and usually strictly based on events as they affected the British Isles. During the period under discussion, King George III was on the throne for most of the time, from 1760 to 1820. He and his son became the focal points for the games whether or not the events actually happened during their lifetimes. The second rather amazing fact is that for many of the history games, nothing happened before 1066 and the invasion of William the Conqueror. There are a few exceptions. One was The New Game of Universal History and Chronology, published in 1814 by John Wallis. This game starts with Adam and Eve, Anno Mundi 1. All the dates are given with great conviction, for example the Universal Deluge occurred in AM 1636. One now wonders how this knowledge was lost between then and today. The games of history had many squares, often more than 150, and of course by reducing the period of history covered more details could be included. The games were often re-issued and reworked with changes being added in or adapted, especially with the death of the kings. George the Third reigned for so long, that a game was published by John Harris to celebrate his Jubilee in 1810. The squares showed events of his lifetime and the text in the accompanying booklet was very flowery when in praise of the king but was equally robust when describing some of the more disagreeable events. Included also were scientific and geographical discoveries. Ten years later John Harris reworked The Jubilee as The Sun of Brunswick to celebrate the new king, George IV. The last 20 odd compartments were redone to include the deaths of Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, Charlotte Augusta the daughter of George IV, who was in a fact heir to the throne and known as Princess of Wales, and of George III himself. By the 1840s, Queen Victoria was on the throne and one of the most important new inventions was the railway, both were added to reissue games. Gradually both history and geography-based games were replaced by other forms of games and of course, methods of learning. But these subjects were not the only ones to be treated in this way. Mathematics, natural history and languages were also subjected to the race game format though generally these games were not as attractive to look at. However, if played correctly, they were enjoyable ways of learning. An Arithmetical Pastime was published in 1791 by C. Taylor. It had 100 circles, some of which contained illustrations while others had directions and forfeits to be paid. The forfeits were repeating tables, some of which were obvious such as the times tables, others were less so, for example the wine measures. Other tables are not now used – the avoirdupois, for example, measured pounds and ounces. If a player could not meet the forfeit, he had the choice of missing turns or moving backwards. A later version, with the same title, had quite different rules and used two teetotums for the moves and to learn the mathematical disciplines. The players had to subtract, multiply or divide the two numbers given by the teetotums and the result formed the move. Used to accompany the game was a set of verses to be read out and a list of further rewards or forfeits. This version was the ultimate teacher as it taught everything - morals, history, geography and arithmetic. inked to mathematical games were those of astronomy. Science in Sport or The Pleasures of Astronomy, published 1804 by John Wallis, had 35 compartments with the portraits of astronomers and representations of astronomical phenomena. At the time nine planets and their movements around the sun were known, however, these were added to with fictional representations, for example The Man in the Moon. Often behaviour traits, The Studious Boy and the Blockhead, signs of the zodiac, comets, rainbows and even known astrologers were shown. The Circle of Knowledge, published about 1845 by John Passmore, included the zodiac around the central compartment. Unlike many games of the time, it was arranged in four concentric circles. As well as the zodiac and the four cardinal compass points, Europe, Asia, America and Africa were shown, together with the four seasons, the four houses of the zodiac and the four sciences - electricity, chemistry, optics and astronomy. The illustrations too were unusual, for example fire was illustrated by a volcano, a burning farm and a pit explosion while optics were shown as a giant telescope, a magic lantern show and the perspective of a tunnel. One of the best games of natural history was William Darton’s 1820 version of British and Foreign Animals. The subtitle again gave graphic details about the aims of the publisher with “A New Game, Moral, Instructive and Amusing, designed to allure the Minds of Youth to an Acquaintance with the Wonders of Nature.” Both domestic and wild animals were included, even the Australian kangaroo. A companion game published by Darton in 1822 had the wonderful title The Delicious Game of The Fruit Basket or The Novel and Elegant Game of The Basket of Fruit. Sadly only the design and title were delicious as the game dwelt mainly on penitentiaries and trial by jury, the Royal Academy, hospitals, national schools and the School for the Blind, sciences and religion. Both games while following the principles of rewards and forfeits were very much a teaching tool. William Darton’s games seemed to have a sombre side as many were very moral and rather disagreeable in tone yet beautifully executed. He later produced one which should have cheered everyone up, called A Voyage of Discovery or The Five Navigators, 1836. However, it dealt with the dangers and incidents likely to befall sailors. We have touched on the games teaching history, geography and so on but the final main group was that of morals; these games were extended forms of the original Game of the Goose. Within many of the previously mentioned games, morals were included, however, the publishers devised many more which were very strict. Often they had good titles and possibly the best was The New Game of Virtue Rewarded and Vice Punished for The Amusement of Youth of Both Sexes, published in 1820 by William Darton. A generation earlier, a similar subtitle was “Designed for the Amusement of Youth of Both Sexes and Calculated to Inspire their Minds with an Abhorrence of Vice and a Love of Virtue.” Taken from The New Game of Emulation, published by John Harris in 1804, this game actually showed many images a child would actually come across, a shepherd with his flock, a church, school, even a rocking horse while the almost cryptic words “cheerfully exert themselves to obtain an honorary prize” while being “perfectly aware of the consequences of disgrace and naturally dread it” rather deadened the pleasing illustrations. Two methods of teaching morals or behaviour were produced, though both used the same games format. One method was based on the passage of life from infancy to old age and death and showed the temptations one might meet along the way. These tended to have straight formal titles such as The Game of Human Life and more often than not were based on the male life to the exclusion of females. However, the games were not restricted to boys playing them, as the subtitle to The Game of Human Life states “...most Agreeable and Rational Recreation ever Invented for Youth of Both Sexes.” Parents were encouraged to instruct their children on each of the characters, usually 84, with “a few moral and judicious observations... and contrast the happiness of a virtuous and well spent life with the fatal consequences arising from vicious and immoral pursuits”. Most of the characters have the same meanings today although some of the pursuits would not now draw penalties, for example The Romance Writer must pay two and move back to the Mischievous Child and the Dramatist must pay four and begin again. The Tragic Author has the harshest as he advances to the Immortal Man and dies but to compensate him he actually wins the pool or kitty by finishing first. The game quoted was published in 1790 by John Wallis and Elizabeth Newbery. (While we are discussing only English games of this period, there are some very fine French and German examples of The Game of Human Life, often far more intricate in design.) The second method, developed slightly later, was stricter and based on the fundamental principles that if you behave properly all bodes well, but if you slip from the straight and narrow the penalties are severe. These titles were much more lucid with The Cottage of Content or Right Road and Wrong Ways, The Journey, The Mansion of Bliss and The Mansion of Happiness. (This latter one is also the title of one of the first American board games, published by W & S B Ives in 1843.) Penalties were paid for often routine bad traits – straying, boasting, wasting time, idleness, self-indolence, obstinacy, ignorance, pride, conceit and forgetfulness; other traits were considered very bad - theft, lying, drunkenness, cheating. In most of the games there were more bad than good traits – recollection, repentance, patience, kindness, exertion and diligence. Snakes & Ladders was the game which took over the teaching of morals, and it was a version of a game introduced from India. Like the earlier versions, there were more snakes, the baddies, than ladders, generally 12 to 8. By the middle of the 19th century new processes were being introduced, lithography had been developed which was cheaper than the engraving and etching processes, even though the publishers had been one of the first groups to involve themselves in new technology – the use of static steam presses instead of hand operated ones. Many of the original group had died. The men and women who developed these early teaching games seemed to be inspired and that inspiration seemed to die with them. New publishers, new methods of production, new methods of teaching and new games formats changed the look of the board games and the very reasons for their existence. As we study them today, however, the games remain excellent teaching tools. We learn from these games the history and social life of the people, what they felt was important and how they regarded themselves in relationship to the rest of the world and other cultures. Publishers Mentioned John Wallis, with sons John and Edward; one of the most prolific publishers of games and dissected puzzles between 1775 and 1847. Also worked with John Harris and Elizabeth Newbery. Elizabeth Newbery, part of the leading publishing family of children’s literature during the 18th century; John Harris managed her establishment. Worked with John Wallis John Harris, took over Elizabeth Newbery’s business in 1801 and worked until it was sold in 1843. Robert Sayer, one of the earliest publishers of children’s games, 1745-1794. Laurie & Whittle, Robert Laurie and James Whittle; acquired the business of Robert Sayer in 1794. Richard Holmes Laurie succeeded Robert on his death in 1812 and James Whittle on his death in 1818. Also worked with other publishers including William Darton. William Darton, established 1787 and under went many name changes depending on the partners and sons. The William referred to here was the son who opened his own establishment in 1804. John Betts, leading 19th century publisher between 1827 and 1874. John Passmore, published from 1840 to 1869.
		Geographical Games. "Table Games of Georgian and Victorian Days". (Francis Reginald Beaman, Whitehause)

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